Fingermarks are one of the most important and useful forms of physical evidence in forensic investigations. However, latent fingermarks are not directly visible, but can be visualized due to the presence of other residues (such as inorganic salts, proteins, polypeptides, enzymes and human metabolites) which can be detected or recognized through various strategies. Convenient and rapid techniques are still needed to provide obvious contrast between the background and the fingermark ridges and to then visualize latent fingermark with a high degree of selectivity and sensitivity.
We report a simple, inexpensive, and fast method for the rapid visualization of latent fingermarks on the non-porous substrates using Au seed-mediated enhancement. Au seed-mediated enhancement is used to achieve the rapid visualization of latent fingermarks on non-porous substrates by the naked eye without the use of expensive or sophisticated instruments. The proposed approach offers faster detection and visualization of latent fingermarks than existing methods. The proposed method is expected to increase detection efficiency for latent fingermarks and reduce time requirements and costs for forensic investigations.
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Schematic representation of rapid visualization of latent fingermarks by Au seed-mediated enhancement technique. Lysozyme-binding aptamer-conjugated Au NPs specifically recognize and target lysozyme in latent fingermarks (step 1). After treating with Au+-complex solution (step 2), bigger Au NPs with visible color are produced from Au seeds and can be clearly seen with the naked eye within 3 min. The total process from fingermarks collection to visualization can be completed within 10 min
However, in experiments for the specific targeting and selection of lysozyme for LBA-Au NPs, Hex-LBA-Au NPs were prepared by replacing HS-LBA-Hex with HS-LBA. Hex-LBA-Au NPs were purified using a high-speed centrifuge at 100,000g for 10 min to remove free Hex-LBA in the supernatant. The precipitate was redispersed and stored in deionized water at 4 C for further use.
Figure 4 displays optical images of the rapid visualization of latent fingermarks collected using professional forensic tape after treatment with Au seed-mediated enhancement. Latent colourful collected immediately following deposition (Fig. 4a) and 24 h later (Fig. 4b) could be rapidly visualized and observed with the naked eye within 3 min. The ridge patterns of fingermarks are clear and no background interference is observed. The visual ridge patterns were due to the larger sized Au NPs generated from the LBA-Au seeds bound to lysozyme in fingermarks through a seed growth process. To exclude the possibility of a new generation of Au NPs being generated from the Au+-complex solution, the collected fingermarks were directly treated with Au+-complex solution for 3 min (Fig. 5a). The fingermarks could not be detected because of the lack of Au seeds, thus the Au+ of the Au+-CTAB complexes could not be reduced to Au0. To highlight the high Au seed-sensitivity in this method, THPC-Au NPs were designed to be replaced with LBA-Au NPs to first incubate latent fingermarks followed by treatment with the Au+-complex solution for 3 min (Fig. 5b). No fingermarks were visible on the tape because the THPC-Au NPs could not bind to lysozyme and were thus removed during the washing step, thus the Au+-CTAB complexes could not be reduced. However, when latent fingerprints collected using professional forensic tape (Fig. 5c) was first incubated with LBA-Au NPs and then treated with Au+-complex solution, fingermarks were clearly visualized within 3 min and could be observed with the naked eye when collected immediately or 24 h following deposition. This rapid visualization can significantly reduce the amount of time required for fingermark collection and further post-treatment. Importantly, the stickiness of professional forensic tape barely caused any non-specific adsorption of LBA-Au NPs and THPC-Au NPs, and valleys between fingermark ridges could be clearly observed in each test.
In conclusion, we report a simple, inexpensive, and fast method for the rapid visualization of latent fingermarks on the non-porous substrates using Au seed-mediated enhancement. LBA-Au NPs were used as Au seeds with a Au+-complex solution composed of HAuCl4, CTAB, and AA used as a growth agent. The Au+ ion of the Au+-CTAB complexes could be only reduced from Au+ to Au0 in the presence of the Au seeds. Importantly, the procedure requires only two main steps for latent fingermark visualization and can be completed in less than 10 min. In the first step, latent fingermarks are incubated with LBA-Au NPs for 5 min. In the second step, the latent fingermarks are treated with the Au+-CTAB complex solution for 3 min. In fact, latent fingermarks can be visualized for observation in less than 3 min after treatment with Au+-complex solution and without background interference. The proposed approach offers faster detection and visualization of latent fingermarks than existing methods. Moreover, the results are observable directly with the naked eye, without the use of expensive or sophisticated instruments. The proposed method is expected to increase detection efficiency for latent fingermarks, thus reducing time requirements and costs for forensic investigations and medical diagnostics.
Latent fingerprints (LFPs) are highly specific to individuals, and LFP imaging has played an important role in areas such as forensic investigation and law enforcement. Presently, LFP imaging still faces considerable problems, including background interference and destructive and complex operations. Herein, we have designed a background-free, nondestructive, and easy-to-perform method for LFP imaging based on pH-mediated recognition of LFPs by carboxyl group-functionalized Zn2GeO4:Mn (ZGO:Mn-COOH) persistent luminescence nanorods (PLNRs). By simply adjusting the pH of the ZGO:Mn-COOH colloid dispersion to a certain acidic range, the negatively charged ZGO:Mn-COOH readily binds to protonated fingerprint ridges via electrostatic attraction. The ZGO:Mn-COOH colloid dispersion can be stored in portable commercial spray bottles, and the LFPs have been easily detected in situ by simply dropping the colloid dispersion on the LFPs. Moreover, since the ZGO:Mn-COOH can remain luminescent after excitation ceases, background color and background fluorescence interference were efficiently removed by simply capturing the luminescent LFP images after the excitation ceased. The entire LFP imaging process can be easily conducted without any destructive or complex operations. Due to the great versatility of the developed method for LFP imaging, clear LFP images with well-resolved ridge patterns were obtained. The designed background-free, nondestructive, and easy-to-perform LFP imaging strategy has great potential for future applications, such as forensic investigations and law enforcement.
Office Lens for Windows 10 is no longer available for download from the Microsoft Store as of January 1, 2021. To continue to enjoy all Office Lens features, we recommend downloading and using the latest version of Microsoft Lens for iOS or Microsoft Lens for Android on your mobile device.
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Tokyo Subway Navigation for Tourists is a free application officially provided by Tokyo Metro to enable users to search transfer information for the Tokyo Subway network (Tokyo Metro and Toei Subway).This application is available in English, Chinese (Simplified and Traditional), Korean, Thai and Japanese. It is highly recommended for visitors sightseeing in Tokyo.
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